Evaluación de la erosión de riberas de ríos en regiones semiáridas mediante datos de teledetección y SIG: caso del río Rdat (Marrakech, Marruecos)

M. Ait Mlouk; Ab. Algouti; Ah. Algouti; Z. Ourhzif

doi:10.3989/egeol.43217.493

Authors

M. Ait Mlouk Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, Geosciences, Geotourism, Natural Hazards and Remote Sensing Laboratory https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0288-3743
Ab. Algouti Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, Geosciences, Geotourism, Natural Hazards and Remote Sensing Laboratory https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7501-5221
Ah. Algouti Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, Geosciences, Geotourism, Natural Hazards and Remote Sensing Laboratory https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-9133
Z. Ourhzif Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, Geosciences, Geotourism, Natural Hazards and Remote Sensing Laboratory https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-6934

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.43217.493

Keywords:

River, bank height assessment, semi-arid climate, Marrakech, Morocco

Abstract

Bank erosion is the process of detachment of material grains constituting the banks under the effect of river water during flood events in a fluvial system in semi-arid regions, which are characterized by irregular floods. The phenomenon of river bank erosion has several environmental impacts on the fluvial ecosystem and studies of it are essential. In this context, the purpose of this study is to provide a simple approach to estimate bank heights in order to evaluate the rate of contribution of river bank erosion to the sediment load of the rivers during the last 32 years and its consequences in the fluvial system. The database considered is Landsat images from 1984 to 2016 and the ALOS PALSAR elevation data of Rdat basin, which is located in the southeast of Marrakech in Morocco, as well as field evidence. These data were processed using remote sensing and GIS tools and then combined to improve the results. The obtained results showed that the river bank of Rdat basin is, significantly, unstable and contributes to the supply of sediments to the river, with a river bank retreat rate of 5 m.yr^-1 and an annual volumetric erosion rate of 286.82 m³ yr^-1 on average. The sediments released in the river, when eroded from banks, may be the origin of contaminated sediments (phosphorus, Mercury …) as well as the main cause of the filling of the river channel.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Belmont, P.; Gran, K.B.; Schottler, S.P.; Wilcock, P.R.; Day, S.S.; Jennings, C.; Lauer, J.W.; Viparelli, E.; Willenbring, J.K.; Engstrom, D.R. & Parker, G. (2011). Large shift in source of fine sediment in the Upper Mississippi River. Environmental Science and Technology, 45: 88048810. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2019109

Carroll, R.W.H.; Warwick, J.J.; James, A.I. & Miller, J.R. (2004). Modeling erosion and overbank deposition during extreme flood conditions on the Carson River, Nevada. Journal of Hydrology, 297: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.04.012

Darby, S.E.; Alabyan, A.M. & Van de Wiel, M.J. (2002). Numerical simulation of bank erosion and channel migration in meandering rivers, Water Resources Research, 32(9): 1163. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000602

Downs, P.W & Simon, A. (2001). Fluvial geomorphological analysis of the recruitment of large woody debris in the Yalobusha river network, Central Mississippi, USA. Geomorphology, 37: 65–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00063-5

Downward, S. R. (1995). Information from topographic survey. In: Changing River Channels (Gurnell, A.M. & Petts, G., Eds.), Wiley, New York, 323.

Evans, D.J.; Bison, C.E. & Rossell, R.S. (2006). Sediment loads and sources in heavily modified Irish catchments: a move towards informed management strategies. Geomorphology, 79: 93–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.09.018

Gurnell, A.M.; Downward, S. R. & Jones, R. (1994). Channel planform change on the River Dee meanders 1876–1992. Regulated Rivers - Research & Management, 9: 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.3450090402

Hooke, J.M. (1979). An analysis of the processes of river bank erosion. Journal of Hydrology, 42: 39–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90005-2

Jensen J.R. (1983). Urban/suburban land use analysis. In: Manual of Remote Sensing (Jensen, J.R., Ed.), American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church,1571-1666.

Kessler, A.C.; Gupta, S.C.; Dolliver, H.A.S. & Thomas, D.P. (2012). LIDAR quantification of bank erosion in Blue Earth County, Minnesota. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41: 197–207. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0181 PMid:22218188

Kessler, A.C.; Gupta, S.C. & Brown, M.K. (2013). Assessment of river bank erosion in Southern Minnesota Rivers post European settlement. Geomorphology, 201: 312–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.07.006

Krishna Prasad, S.; Indulekha, K.P. & Balan, K. (2015). Analysis of groyne placement on minimizing river bank erosion. Procedia Technology 24: 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.008

Lawler, D.M. (1986). River bank erosion and the influence of frost: a statistical examination. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 11(2): 227–242. https://doi.org/10.2307/622008 https://doi.org/10.2307/622008

Lawler, D.M. (1987). Bank erosion and frost action: an example from South Wales. In: International Geomorphology 1986 - Proceedings of the First International Conference on Geomorphology (Gardiner, V., Ed.), Wiley, Chichester, 575–590.

Lawler, D.M. (1993). The measurement of river bank erosion and lateral channel change: a review. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 18: 777–821. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290180905

Leopold, L.B. (1973). River channel change with time: an example. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84: 1845–1860. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1845:RCCWTA>2.0.CO;2

Lewin, J. (1976). Initiation of bed forms and meanders in coarse-grained sediment. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 87: 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<281:IOBFAM>2.0.CO;2

Lewin, J. & Manton, M.M.M. (1975). Welsh floodplain studies: the nature of floodplain geometry. Journal of Hydrology, 25: 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(75)90037-2

Missenard, Y.; Taki, Z.; Frizon de Lamotte, D.; Benammi, M.; Hafid, M.; Leturmy, P. & Sébrier, M. (2007). Tectonic styles in the Marrakesh High Atlas (Morocco): The role of heritage and mechanical stratigraphy. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 48: 247–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2007.03.007

Petts, G. E. (1989). Historical analysis of fluvial hydrosystems. In: Historical Change in Large Alluvial Rivers (Petts, G.E.; Moller, H. & Roux, A.L. Eds.). Wiley, New York, 1–18.

Piégay, H.; Darby, S.E.; Mosselman, E. & Surian, N. (2005). A review of techniques available for delimiting the erodible river corridor: a sustainable approach to managing bank erosion. River Research and Applications, 21: 773–789. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.881

Piégay, H.; Cuaz, M.; Javelle, E. & Mandier, P. (1997). A new approach to bank erosion management: the case of the Galaure River, France. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, 13: 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199709/10)13:5<433::AID-RRR467>3.0.CO;2-L

Rhoades. E.L.; O'Neal, M.A. & Pizzuto, J.E. (2009). Quantifying bank erosion on the South River from 1937 to 2005 and its importance in assessing Hg contamination. Applied Geography, 29: 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.08.005

Roslan Z.A.; Mohd S.S. & Naimah Y. (2017). Erosion risk assessment: A case study of the Langat River bank in Malaysia. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5: 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.01.002

Saidi, M.E.M.; Boukrim, S.; Fniguire, F. & Ramromi, A. (2012). Les écoulements superficiels sur le Haut Atlas de Marrakech cas des débits extrêmes. LARHYSS Journal, 10: 75–90.

Schumm, S.A. & Lichty, R.W. (1963). Channel widening and floodplain construction along Cimarron River, in south-western Kansas. US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 352-D.

Thomas, D.P.; Gupta, S.C.; Bauer, M.E. & Kirchoff, C.E. (2005). Airborne laser scanning for riverbank erosion assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment, 95: 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.01.012

Thorne, C.R. & Lewin, J. (1979). Bank processes, bed material movement and planform development in a meandering river. In: Adjustments of the Fluvial System (Rhodes, D.D. & Williams, G.P., Eds.), Kendall/ Hunt, Dubuque,117–137.

Twidale, C.R. (1964). Erosion of an alluvial bank at Birdwood, South Australia. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, 8: 189–211.

Waters, T.F. (1995). Sediment in Streams—Sources, Biological Effects and Control. American Fisheries Society Monograph 7, Bethesda, Maryland, 251 pp.

Wilson, C.G.; Papanicolaou, A.N. & Denn, K.D. (2012). Quantifying and partitioning fine sediment loads in an intensively agricultural headwater system. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 12(6): 966–981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-012-0504-2

Wilson, G.V.; Periketi, R.; Fox, G.A.; Dabney, S.; Shields, D. & Cullum, R.F. (2007). Soil properties controlling seepage erosion contributions to river bank failure. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 32: 447– 459. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1405

Winterbottom, S.J. & Gilvear, D.J. (2000). A GIS-based approach to mapping probabilities of river bank erosion: regulated River Tummel, Scotland. Regulated Rivers – Research & Management, 16: 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(200003/04)16:2<127::AID-RRR573>3.0.CO;2-Q

Wolman, M.G. (1959). Factors influencing erosion of a cohesive river bank. American Journal of Science, 257: 204–216. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.257.3.204